{"id":4773,"date":"2023-07-06T09:54:01","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T07:54:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/justprint.cz\/blog\/?p=4773"},"modified":"2023-07-06T10:07:37","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T08:07:37","slug":"papir-neni-tak-desivy-fakta-a-myty-o-vyrobe-papiru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/justprint.cz\/blog\/papir-neni-tak-desivy-fakta-a-myty-o-vyrobe-papiru\/","title":{"rendered":"Pap\u00edr nen\u00ed tak d\u011bsiv\u00fd. Fakta a m\u00fdty o v\u00fdrob\u011b pap\u00edru"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V\u00fdroba pap\u00edru je t\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat bou\u0159i, zejm\u00e9na kdy\u017e se do diskuse zapoj\u00ed ekologick\u00e1 t\u00e9mata. V tomto textu se zab\u00fdv\u00e1me ot\u00e1zkami, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed na d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 – i etick\u00e9 – ot\u00e1zky souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s v\u00fdrobou pap\u00edru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

<\/a>V\u00fdroba pap\u00edru – fakta a m\u00fdty<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed souvislost s v\u00fdrobou pap\u00edru je k\u00e1cen\u00ed strom\u016f. V\u0161eobecn\u011b panuje n\u00e1zor, \u017ee lesy jsou masivn\u011b k\u00e1ceny pro pot\u0159eby trhu. Skute\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee tyto nejsou nikterak zanedbateln\u00e9 – polovina sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce d\u0159eva je ur\u010dena pro v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru, zbytek pro jin\u00e9 pot\u0159eby (palivov\u00e9 d\u0159evo nebo surovina pro n\u00e1bytk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd \u010di stavebn\u00ed pr\u016fmysl). Jsou v\u0161ak stromy skute\u010dn\u011b k\u00e1ceny bez rozmyslu a doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke k\u00e1cen\u00ed v\u0161ech druh\u016f strom\u016f? Ne v\u017edy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>\u274c M\u00fdtus \u010d. 1<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

K v\u00fdrob\u011b pap\u00edru se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159evo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>\u2705 Fakt<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

D\u0159evo na v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru poch\u00e1z\u00ed z tzv. udr\u017eovac\u00edch \u0159ez\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro hygienu porostu. Stromy z tohoto typu k\u00e1cen\u00ed by byly stejn\u011b pok\u00e1ceny – nap\u0159\u00edklad proto, aby neub\u00edraly sv\u011btlo nebo prostor pro r\u016fst zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch strom\u016f. P\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed d\u0159eva z o\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00edch \u0159ez\u016f na v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru je zp\u016fsob, jak vyu\u017e\u00edt surovinu, kter\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i t\u011bchto „hygienick\u00fdch“ \u0159ezech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>\u274c M\u00fdtus \u010d. 2<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pro v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dlouhov\u011bk\u00e9 stromy, nap\u0159\u00edklad duby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>\u2705 Fakt<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

To nen\u00ed pravda. D\u0159evo na v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru obvykle poch\u00e1z\u00ed z jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch porost\u016f. Obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o borovice, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k r\u016fstu m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasu ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad duby. V z\u00e1sad\u011b se na celul\u00f3zu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 d\u0159evo v\u0161ech jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch druh\u016f vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch se v Polsku – krom\u011b borovice – smrku a jedle a n\u011bkter\u00fdch listnat\u00fdch druh\u016f (buk, topol, b\u0159\u00edza).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83c\udf32 Borovice lesn\u00ed – pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho stromu je 50 let
\ud83c\udf33 Dub – pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho stromu je 120 – 200 let<\/p>\n\n\n\n

„(…) stromy, z nich\u017e se nejprve vyrob\u00ed role d\u0159eva a pak role a listy pap\u00edru, se stejn\u011b mus\u00ed pok\u00e1cet. V\u017edy\u0165 p\u00e9\u010de o les zahrnuje neust\u00e1l\u00e9 pro\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u0159evo na v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru, b\u011b\u017en\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako „vl\u00e1kninov\u00e9 d\u0159evo“, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z v\u00fd\u0159ez\u016f v mlad\u00fdch porostech a je nejhor\u0161\u00ed kvality. Pro\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1me borov\u00e9, smrkov\u00e9, b\u0159ezov\u00e9 nebo ol\u0161ov\u00e9 ml\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00e1cen\u00edm nejslab\u0161\u00edch strom\u016f. Te najcie\u0144sze s\u0105 rozdrabniane na wi\u00f3ry i trafiaj\u0105 do firm produkuj\u0105cych np. p\u0142yty meblowe. O n\u011bco siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale technicky vadn\u00e9 kusy d\u0159eva, zase putuj\u00ed do pap\u00edrny.“<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lesn\u00edk Jarek, „Role pap\u00edru jsou vyrobeny z rol\u00ed d\u0159eva“, zdroj www.lasy.gov.pl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem ne\u017e k\u00e1cen\u00ed strom\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b pap\u00edru spot\u0159eba velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed vody a chemik\u00e1li\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"sklad<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"slo\u017een\u00ed<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Na obr\u00e1zku: hromady d\u0159eva na v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru. Tento druh d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9mu se ve st\u00e1tn\u00edch les\u00edch \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 „celul\u00f3za“, nen\u00ed vhodn\u00fd pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v n\u00e1bytk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nebo stavebnictv\u00ed. Zdroj: lasy.gov.pl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Pap\u00edr s certifik\u00e1tem FSC<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Na trhu je st\u00e1le v\u00edce pap\u00edru s certifik\u00e1tem Forest Stewardship Council. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f). Pap\u00edr s ozna\u010den\u00edm FSC je vyroben ze d\u0159eva z les\u016f obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch udr\u017eiteln\u00fdm a bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd a bezd\u0159ev\u00fd pap\u00edr – rozd\u00edly ve v\u00fdrob\u011b<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou po z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed surovin pro v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru je v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0159evn\u00ed hmota se upravuje – bu\u010f chemicky, nebo mechanicky. V z\u00e1vislosti na typu procesu je v\u00fdsledkem bu\u010f d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd, nebo bezd\u0159ev\u00fd pap\u00edr. Jedna metoda je n\u00edzkoodpadov\u00e1, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b druh\u00e9 jdou zbytky z \u00fapravy do druh\u00e9ho okruhu nebo se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako energetick\u00e1 surovina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd pap\u00edr<\/strong> – vyr\u00e1b\u00ed se mechanickou metodou s mal\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm odpadu. P\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se spot\u0159ebuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 95 % <\/strong>objemu d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9 se rozemele spolu se zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi slo\u017ekami, jako jsou prysky\u0159ice a lignin, a\u017e se odd\u011bl\u00ed celul\u00f3zov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna. Ve slo\u017een\u00ed takov\u00e9ho pap\u00edru proto najdeme d\u0159evn\u00ed hmotu, sb\u011brov\u00fd pap\u00edr a buni\u010dinu – v r\u016fzn\u00e9m pom\u011bru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Bezd\u0159ev\u00fd pap\u00edr<\/strong> – vyr\u00e1b\u00ed se chemickou \u00fapravou d\u0159eva za \u00fa\u010delem izolace \u010dist\u00e9 celul\u00f3zy ze d\u0159eva. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd pap\u00edr m\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed pouze celul\u00f3zu nebo celul\u00f3zu a dlouhovl\u00e1knitou buni\u010dinu – hadrovinu. Vl\u00e1kna z\u00edskan\u00e1 t\u00edmto v\u00fdrobn\u00edm postupem jsou dlouh\u00e1 a odoln\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di st\u00e1rnut\u00ed. Zbytky po zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako surovina v dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch procesech nebo jako zdroj energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces \u0161etrn\u00fd k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chemick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva je v hled\u00e1\u010dku nejen ekolog\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 pap\u00edren, kter\u00e9 optimalizuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 procesy a sni\u017euj\u00ed tak negativn\u00ed dopady na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00fdrobu pap\u00edru prov\u00e1zet. Identifikaci spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch postup\u016f napom\u00e1h\u00e1 vhodn\u00e9 ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Symbol EU Ecolabel<\/strong> ud\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b pap\u00edru nebyly pou\u017eity \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 slou\u010deniny chl\u00f3ru ani jin\u00e9 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Krom\u011b ekozna\u010dky EU Ecolabel se setk\u00e1me tak\u00e9 s n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi zna\u010dkami:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u27a4 PCF<\/strong> – m\u00edsto chl\u00f3ru se k b\u011blen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 peroxid vod\u00edku, oz\u00f3n nebo kysl\u00edk,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u27a4 TCF – p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b nebyl pou\u017eit chlor,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u27a4 ECF – chl\u00f3r byl ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edm procesu nahrazen m\u00e9n\u011b invazivn\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pap\u00edrensk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl dnes usiluje o st\u00e1le udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrobu. Je to d\u00e1no jak mnoha p\u0159edpisy platn\u00fdmi na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, evropsk\u00e9 a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni, tak rostouc\u00edm pov\u011bdom\u00edm o \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u267b Seznamte se s ekologick\u00fdmi standardy, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me p\u0159i ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci v na\u0161\u00ed tisk\u00e1rn\u011b Justprint<\/a><\/strong>, aby byl tisk ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ekologick\u00e9 postupy v na\u0161\u00ed tisk\u00e1rn\u011b<\/a><\/blockquote>